diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/AccountController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/AccountController.php
index ae14e368f0..bd862d3012 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/AccountController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/AccountController.php
@@ -48,14 +48,10 @@ class AccountController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($end);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('all');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('accounts');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
 
         $chart->addColumn(trans('firefly.dayOfMonth'), 'date');
@@ -123,14 +119,10 @@ class AccountController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($end);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('frontpage');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('accounts');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
 
         $index = 1;
@@ -188,14 +180,10 @@ class AccountController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty('frontpage');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('single');
         $chartProperties->addProperty($account->id);
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
 
 
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BillController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BillController.php
index d79c879350..7950e294ed 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BillController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BillController.php
@@ -44,13 +44,10 @@ class BillController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty('single');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('bill');
         $chartProperties->addProperty($bill->id);
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
         // get first transaction or today for start:
         $results = $repository->getJournals($bill);
@@ -92,13 +89,10 @@ class BillController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($end);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('bills');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('frontpage');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
         $bills  = $repository->getActiveBills();
         $paid   = new Collection; // journals.
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BudgetController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BudgetController.php
index 9627a53c07..731f87b4de 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BudgetController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/BudgetController.php
@@ -50,13 +50,10 @@ class BudgetController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($last);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('budget');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('budget');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
 
         while ($first < $last) {
@@ -100,13 +97,10 @@ class BudgetController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty('limit');
         $chartProperties->addProperty($budget->id);
         $chartProperties->addProperty($repetition->id);
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
         $chart->addColumn(trans('firefly.day'), 'date');
         $chart->addColumn(trans('firefly.left'), 'number');
@@ -158,13 +152,10 @@ class BudgetController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($end);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('budget');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('all');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
 
         /** @var Budget $budget */
@@ -232,14 +223,10 @@ class BudgetController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($end);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('budget');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('year');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
         // add columns:
         $chart->addColumn(trans('firefly.month'), 'date');
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/CategoryController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/CategoryController.php
index b86eb143f3..5d0a57b031 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/CategoryController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Chart/CategoryController.php
@@ -85,14 +85,10 @@ class CategoryController extends Controller
         $chartProperties->addProperty($end);
         $chartProperties->addProperty('category');
         $chartProperties->addProperty('frontpage');
-        $md5 = $chartProperties->md5();
-
-
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached chart [' . $md5 . '].');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($chartProperties->has()) {
+            return Response::json($chartProperties->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $chartProperties->getMd5();
 
         $set   = $repository->getCategoriesAndExpensesCorrected($start, $end);
 
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/HomeController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/HomeController.php
index 7ffa3d9b4e..17472183d5 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/HomeController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/HomeController.php
@@ -41,16 +41,6 @@ class HomeController extends Controller
     {
         Session::clear();
 
-        // encrypt transaction journal description
-        $set = TransactionJournal::where('encrypted', 0)->take(100)->get();
-        /** @var TransactionJournal $entry */
-        foreach ($set as $entry) {
-            $description        = $entry->description;
-            $entry->description = $description;
-            $entry->save();
-        }
-        unset($set, $entry, $description);
-
         return Redirect::route('index');
     }
 
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/JsonController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/JsonController.php
index 1908ed7dcf..9d0295411a 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/JsonController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/JsonController.php
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use FireflyIII\Repositories\Journal\JournalRepositoryInterface;
 use FireflyIII\Repositories\Tag\TagRepositoryInterface;
 use FireflyIII\Support\CacheProperties;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
-use Log;
 use Response;
 use Session;
 use Steam;
@@ -44,12 +43,10 @@ class JsonController extends Controller
         $prop->addProperty($start);
         $prop->addProperty($end);
         $prop->addProperty('box-bills-paid');
-        $md5 = $prop->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached box bills-paid [' . $md5 . ']');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($prop->has()) {
+            return Response::json($prop->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
         $amount = 0;
 
@@ -100,12 +97,10 @@ class JsonController extends Controller
         $prop->addProperty($start);
         $prop->addProperty($end);
         $prop->addProperty('box-bills-unpaid');
-        $md5 = $prop->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached box bills-unpaid [' . $md5 . ']');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($prop->has()) {
+            return Response::json($prop->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
         $bills  = $repository->getActiveBills();
         $unpaid = new Collection; // bills
@@ -162,13 +157,10 @@ class JsonController extends Controller
         $prop->addProperty($start);
         $prop->addProperty($end);
         $prop->addProperty('box-in');
-        $md5 = $prop->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached box in [' . $md5 . ']');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($prop->has()) {
+            return Response::json($prop->get());
         }
-
+        $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
         $amount = $reportQuery->incomeInPeriodCorrected($start, $end, true)->sum('amount');
 
@@ -194,12 +186,10 @@ class JsonController extends Controller
         $prop->addProperty($start);
         $prop->addProperty($end);
         $prop->addProperty('box-out');
-        $md5 = $prop->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            Log::debug('Successfully returned cached box out [' . $md5 . ']');
-
-            return Response::json(Cache::get($md5));
+        if ($prop->has()) {
+            return Response::json($prop->get());
         }
+        $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
         $amount = $reportQuery->expenseInPeriodCorrected($start, $end, true)->sum('amount');
 
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/Reminders.php b/app/Http/Middleware/Reminders.php
index eb161a4123..5f663e84c4 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/Reminders.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/Reminders.php
@@ -57,14 +57,13 @@ class Reminders
             $properties = new CacheProperties;
 
             $properties->addProperty('reminders');
-            $md5 = $properties->md5();
-
-            if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-                $reminders = Cache::get($md5);
+            if ($properties->has()) {
+                $reminders = $properties->get();
                 View::share('reminders', $reminders);
 
                 return $next($request);
             }
+            $md5 = $properties->getMd5();
 
 
             $piggyBanks = $this->auth->user()->piggyBanks()->where('remind_me', 1)->get();
diff --git a/app/Models/TransactionJournal.php b/app/Models/TransactionJournal.php
index b4fc946b3e..60f76d1cbe 100644
--- a/app/Models/TransactionJournal.php
+++ b/app/Models/TransactionJournal.php
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ class TransactionJournal extends Model
         $prop = new CacheProperties();
         $prop->addProperty($this->id);
         $prop->addProperty('amount');
-        $md5 = $prop->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            return Cache::get($md5);
+        if ($prop->has()) {
+            return $prop->get();
         }
+        $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
 
         $amount = '0';
diff --git a/app/Repositories/Account/AccountRepository.php b/app/Repositories/Account/AccountRepository.php
index 02559a82d9..352a89b756 100644
--- a/app/Repositories/Account/AccountRepository.php
+++ b/app/Repositories/Account/AccountRepository.php
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ class AccountRepository implements AccountRepositoryInterface
         $cache = new CacheProperties();
         $cache->addProperty($preference->data);
         $cache->addProperty('frontPageaccounts');
-        $md5 = $cache->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            return Cache::get($md5);
+        if ($cache->has()) {
+            return $cache->get();
         }
+        $md5 = $cache->getMd5();
 
 
         if ($preference->data == []) {
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ class AccountRepository implements AccountRepositoryInterface
         $prop->addProperty($account->id);
         $prop->addProperty($start);
         $prop->addProperty($end);
-        $md5 = $prop->md5();
-        if(Cache::has($md5)) {
-            return Cache::get($md5);
+        if ($prop->has()) {
+            return $prop->get();
         }
+        $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
         $set = Auth::user()
                    ->transactionjournals()
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ class AccountRepository implements AccountRepositoryInterface
                    ->take(10)
                    ->get(['transaction_journals.*', 'transaction_currencies.symbol', 'transaction_types.type']);
         Cache::forever($md5, $set);
+
         return $set;
     }
 
@@ -234,10 +235,10 @@ class AccountRepository implements AccountRepositoryInterface
         $cache = new CacheProperties;
         $cache->addProperty($ids);
         $cache->addProperty('piggyAccounts');
-        $md5 = $cache->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            return Cache::get($md5);
+        if ($cache->has()) {
+            return $cache->get();
         }
+        $md5 = $cache->getMd5();
 
         $ids = array_unique($ids);
         if (count($ids) > 0) {
diff --git a/app/Support/CacheProperties.php b/app/Support/CacheProperties.php
index 699d7e9a26..f7f7018b44 100644
--- a/app/Support/CacheProperties.php
+++ b/app/Support/CacheProperties.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace FireflyIII\Support;
 
 
 use Auth;
+use Cache;
 use Carbon\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection as EloquentCollection;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
@@ -17,6 +18,8 @@ use Preferences as Prefs;
 class CacheProperties
 {
 
+    /** @var  string */
+    protected $md5 = '';
     /** @var Collection */
     protected $properties;
 
@@ -38,39 +41,62 @@ class CacheProperties
         $this->properties->push($property);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function get()
+    {
+        return Cache::get($this->md5);
+    }
 
     /**
      * @return string
      */
-    public function md5()
+    public function getMd5()
+    {
+        return $this->md5;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function has()
+    {
+        $this->md5();
+
+        return Cache::has($this->md5);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
+    private function md5()
     {
-        $string = '';
-        //Log::debug('--- building string ---');
         foreach ($this->properties as $property) {
 
             if ($property instanceof Collection || $property instanceof EloquentCollection) {
-                $string .= print_r($property->toArray(), true);
+                $this->md5 .= print_r($property->toArray(), true);
                 continue;
             }
             if ($property instanceof Carbon) {
-                $string .= $property->toRfc3339String();
+                $this->md5 .= $property->toRfc3339String();
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (is_array($property)) {
-                $string .= print_r($property, true);
+                $this->md5 .= print_r($property, true);
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (is_object($property)) {
-                $string .= $property->__toString();
+                $this->md5 .= $property->__toString();
             }
             if (is_array($property)) {
-                $string .= print_r($property, true);
+                $this->md5 .= print_r($property, true);
             }
-            $string .= (string)$property;
+            $this->md5 .= (string)$property;
         }
 
-        return md5($string);
+        $this->md5 = md5($this->md5);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/Support/Steam.php b/app/Support/Steam.php
index 6e61e3cff5..5e3804864b 100644
--- a/app/Support/Steam.php
+++ b/app/Support/Steam.php
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ class Steam
         $properties->addProperty('balance');
         $properties->addProperty($date);
         $properties->addProperty($ignoreVirtualBalance);
-        $md5 = $properties->md5();
-        if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-            return Cache::get($md5);
+        if ($properties->has()) {
+            return $properties->get();
         }
+        $md5 = $properties->getMd5();
 
 
         // find the first known transaction on this account:
diff --git a/app/Support/Twig/Journal.php b/app/Support/Twig/Journal.php
index ba03775a5d..7e53787fde 100644
--- a/app/Support/Twig/Journal.php
+++ b/app/Support/Twig/Journal.php
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ class Journal extends Twig_Extension
             $prop = new CacheProperties();
             $prop->addProperty($journal->id);
             $prop->addProperty('typeIcon');
-            $md5 = $prop->md5();
-            if (Cache::has($md5)) {
-                return Cache::get($md5);
+            if ($prop->has()) {
+                return $prop->get();
             }
+            $md5 = $prop->getMd5();
 
             $type = $journal->transactionType->type;
 
diff --git a/tests/controllers/AccountControllerTest.php b/tests/controllers/AccountControllerTest.php
index 0ff00f50ba..d1b548e774 100644
--- a/tests/controllers/AccountControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/controllers/AccountControllerTest.php
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 use Carbon\Carbon;
 use FireflyIII\Models\Account;
-use FireflyIII\Models\AccountType;
-use FireflyIII\Models\Preference;
-use FireflyIII\Models\TransactionCurrency;
 use Illuminate\Pagination\LengthAwarePaginator;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 use League\FactoryMuffin\Facade as FactoryMuffin;
@@ -79,6 +76,9 @@ class AccountControllerTest extends TestCase
         Amount::shouldReceive('getDefaultCurrency')->once()->andReturn($currency);
         Amount::shouldReceive('getAllCurrencies')->once()->andReturn([$currency]);
         Amount::shouldReceive('getCurrencyCode')->andReturn('X');
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
 
         $this->call('GET', '/accounts/create/asset');
         $this->assertResponseOk();
diff --git a/tests/controllers/BudgetControllerTest.php b/tests/controllers/BudgetControllerTest.php
index 01f8b7c9d4..84cf4eda92 100644
--- a/tests/controllers/BudgetControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/controllers/BudgetControllerTest.php
@@ -194,6 +194,9 @@ class BudgetControllerTest extends TestCase
         $date = Carbon::now()->startOfMonth()->format('FY');
         Preferences::shouldReceive('set')->once()->withArgs(['budgetIncomeTotal' . $date, 1001]);
         Preferences::shouldReceive('mark')->once()->andReturn(true);
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
 
         // language preference:
         $language       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
@@ -386,6 +389,9 @@ class BudgetControllerTest extends TestCase
         Amount::shouldReceive('format')->andReturn('xx');
         Amount::shouldReceive('getCurrencyCode')->andReturn('X');
         Amount::shouldReceive('getCurrencySymbol')->andReturn('X');
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
 
         // language preference:
         $language       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
diff --git a/tests/controllers/HomeControllerTest.php b/tests/controllers/HomeControllerTest.php
index 71444d6fef..4ec8a289d1 100644
--- a/tests/controllers/HomeControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/controllers/HomeControllerTest.php
@@ -108,6 +108,10 @@ class HomeControllerTest extends TestCase
         $language->save();
         Preferences::shouldReceive('get')->withAnyArgs()->andReturn($language);
 
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
+
 
         Amount::shouldReceive('getCurrencyCode')->andReturn('EUR');
         Amount::shouldReceive('format')->andReturn('xxx');
diff --git a/tests/controllers/PreferencesControllerTest.php b/tests/controllers/PreferencesControllerTest.php
index af3b9d1ab9..93ec1fa3ec 100644
--- a/tests/controllers/PreferencesControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/controllers/PreferencesControllerTest.php
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ class PreferencesControllerTest extends TestCase
         Amount::shouldReceive('getAllCurrencies')->andReturn(new Collection);
         Amount::shouldReceive('getDefaultCurrency')->andReturn($currency);
 
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
+
         // language preference:
         $language       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
         $language->data = 'en';
@@ -105,6 +109,10 @@ class PreferencesControllerTest extends TestCase
         $language->save();
         Preferences::shouldReceive('get')->withAnyArgs()->andReturn($language);
 
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
+
 
         $this->call('POST', '/preferences', $data);
         $this->assertResponseStatus(302);
diff --git a/tests/controllers/charts/ChartBillControllerTest.php b/tests/controllers/charts/ChartBillControllerTest.php
index 884c4627ff..b7f3ec3f9d 100644
--- a/tests/controllers/charts/ChartBillControllerTest.php
+++ b/tests/controllers/charts/ChartBillControllerTest.php
@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@ class ChartBillControllerTest extends TestCase
         $repository->shouldReceive('createFakeBill')->andReturn($bills->first());
         Steam::shouldReceive('balance')->andReturn(-10, 0);
 
+        $lastActivity       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $lastActivity->data = microtime();
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('lastActivity')->andReturn($lastActivity);
+
+        $language       = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Preference');
+        $language->data = 'en';
+        Preferences::shouldReceive('get')->withArgs(['language', 'en'])->andReturn($language);
+
 
         $this->call('GET', '/chart/bill/frontpage');
         $this->assertResponseOk();
diff --git a/tests/helpers/ReportHelperTest.php b/tests/helpers/ReportHelperTest.php
index 3598c959eb..7adfaddf77 100644
--- a/tests/helpers/ReportHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/helpers/ReportHelperTest.php
@@ -111,6 +111,9 @@ class ReportHelperTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testGetBillReport()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
+
         // factory!
         $set      = new Collection;
         $journals = new Collection;
diff --git a/tests/models/TransactionJournalModelTest.php b/tests/models/TransactionJournalModelTest.php
index d05f285529..26c98d80be 100644
--- a/tests/models/TransactionJournalModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/models/TransactionJournalModelTest.php
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ class TransactionJournalModelTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testGetAmountAttributeAdvancePayment()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
         // make types:
         $withdrawalType = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\TransactionType');
         $depositType    = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\TransactionType');
@@ -120,6 +122,9 @@ class TransactionJournalModelTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testGetAmountAttributeBalancingAct()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
+
         // make types:
         $withdrawalType = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\TransactionType');
         FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\TransactionType');
@@ -177,6 +182,8 @@ class TransactionJournalModelTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testGetAmountAttributeNoTags()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
         $journal = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\TransactionJournal');
 
         $journal->transactions[0]->amount = 123.45;
@@ -194,6 +201,9 @@ class TransactionJournalModelTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testGetAmountAttributeTag()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
+
         // has a normal tag, but nothing special.
         // make tag
         $tag          = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Tag');
diff --git a/tests/repositories/BillRepositoryTest.php b/tests/repositories/BillRepositoryTest.php
index 5c1de9fe92..2e22d58e7a 100644
--- a/tests/repositories/BillRepositoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/repositories/BillRepositoryTest.php
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ class BillRepositoryTest extends TestCase
 
     public function testBillPaymentsInRange()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
+
         $bill  = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\Bill');
         $start = Carbon::now()->startOfMonth();
         $end   = Carbon::now()->endOfMonth();
diff --git a/tests/repositories/JournalRepositoryTest.php b/tests/repositories/JournalRepositoryTest.php
index 375b06e70d..e0bc5443b5 100644
--- a/tests/repositories/JournalRepositoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/repositories/JournalRepositoryTest.php
@@ -446,6 +446,9 @@ class JournalRepositoryTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testUpdate()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
+
         for ($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
             FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\AccountType');
         }
@@ -504,6 +507,9 @@ class JournalRepositoryTest extends TestCase
      */
     public function testUpdateNoTags()
     {
+        $user = FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\User');
+        $this->be($user);
+
         for ($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
             FactoryMuffin::create('FireflyIII\Models\AccountType');
         }