Updates from bitrot livestream (#16)

- Remove minor version pin for postgres versions (i.e. 12.5 -> 12)
- Update s3 config to use separate versioning and encryption terraform resources
- Use bucket_prefix instead of bucket for bucket naming to avoid name conflicts

Stream: https://youtu.be/KWwKPYuOGBw

.github/workflows/terraform.yml

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 name: "Terraform"
 
 on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-    tags:
-      - v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$
+  # Uncomment to enable staging deploy from main
+  # push:
+  #   branches:
+  #     - main
+  release:
+    types: [published]
   pull_request:
 
 jobs:
@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Terraform
         uses: hashicorp/setup-terraform@v1
         with:
-          terraform_version: 0.15.4
+          terraform_version: 1.0.1
+          terraform_wrapper: false
 
       - name: Terraform Format
         id: fmt
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Terraform Plan
         id: plan
         if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        # Route 53 zone must already exist for this to succeed!
         run: terraform plan -var db_pass=${{secrets.DB_PASS }} -no-color
         continue-on-error: true
 
@@ -72,16 +75,26 @@ jobs:
         if: steps.plan.outcome == 'failure'
         run: exit 1
 
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+        with:
+          go-version: '^1.15.5'
+          
+      - name : Terratest Execution
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        working-directory: 08-testing/tests/terratest
+        run: |
+          go test . -v timeout 10m
+
       - name: Check tag
         id: check-tag
         run: |
-          if [[ ${{ github.ref }} =~ "^refs\/tags\/v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$" ]]; then echo ::set-output name=environment::production
+          if [[ ${{ github.ref }} =~ ^refs\/tags\/v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]]; then echo ::set-output name=environment::production
           elif [[ ${{ github.ref }} == 'refs/heads/main' ]]; then echo ::set-output name=environment::staging
           else echo ::set-output name=environment::unknown
           fi
 
       - name: Terraform Apply Global
-        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        if: github.event_name == 'push' || github.event_name == 'release'
         working-directory: 07-managing-multiple-environments/file-structure/global
         run: |
           terraform init
@@ -92,7 +105,7 @@ jobs:
         run: terraform apply -var db_pass=${{secrets.DB_PASS }} -auto-approve
 
       - name: Terraform Apply Production
-        if: steps.check-tag.outputs.environment == 'production' && github.event_name == 'push'
+        if: steps.check-tag.outputs.environment == 'production' && github.event_name == 'release'
         working-directory: 07-managing-multiple-environments/file-structure/production
         run: |
           terraform init

01-cloud-and-iac/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# 01 - Evolution of Cloud + Infrastructure as Code
+
+This module doesn't have any corresponding code.

01-prerequisites/README.md

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-## Install Terraform
-1) install terraform
-
-## AWS Account Setup
-2) create non-root AWS user
-3) Add AmazonEC2FullAccess
-4) Save Access key + secret key (or use AWS CLI `aws configure` -- https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/install-cliv2.html)
-

02-overview/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+## 02 - Overview + Setup
+
+## Install Terraform
+
+Official installation instructions from HashiCorp: https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/terraform/install-cli
+
+## AWS Account Setup
+
+AWS Terraform provider documentation: https://registry.terraform.io/providers/hashicorp/aws/latest/docs#authentication
+
+1) create non-root AWS user
+2) Add the necessary IAM roles (e.g. AmazonEC2FullAccess)
+3) Save Access key + secret key (or use AWS CLI `aws configure` -- https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/install-cliv2.html)
+
+## Hello World
+
+`./main.tf` contains minimal configuration to provision an EC2 instance.
+
+1) `aws configure`
+2) `terraform init`
+3) `terraform plan`
+4) `terraform apply`

03-basics/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,45 @@
-1) Create account credentials
+## 03 - Basics
 
+## Remote Backends
 
+Remote backends enable storage of TF state in a remote, location to enable secure collaboration.
 
+### Terraform Cloud
+
+https://www.terraform.io/cloud
+
+`./terraform-cloud-backend/main.tf`
+
+### AWS S3 + Dynamo DB
+
+Steps to initialize backend in AWS and manage it with Terraform:
+
+1) Use config from `./aws-backend/` (init, plan, apply) to provision s3 bucket and dynamoDB table with local state
+2) Uncomment the remote backend configuration
+3) Reinitialize with `terraform init`:
+
+```
+Do you want to copy existing state to the new backend?
+  Pre-existing state was found while migrating the previous "local" backend to the
+  newly configured "s3" backend. No existing state was found in the newly
+  configured "s3" backend. Do you want to copy this state to the new "s3"
+  backend? Enter "yes" to copy and "no" to start with an empty state.
+
+  Enter a value: yes 
+```
+
+Now the S3 bucket and dynamoDB table are mam and are able to be used as the state backend!
+
+## Web-App
+
+Generic web application architecture including:
+- EC2 instances
+- S3 bucket
+- RDS instance
+- Load balancer
+- Route 53 DNS config
+
+This example will be refined and improved in later modules.
+
+## Architecture
+![](./web-app/architecture.png)

03-basics/aws-backend/README.md

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-Steps to initialize backend in AWS and manage it with Terraform:
-
-1) Use config from `bootstrap` (init, plan, apply) to provision s3 bucket and dynamoDB table with local state
-2) copy state file into import-bootstrap 
-   1) cp terraform.tfstate ../import-bootstrap
-3) Initialize within `import-bootstrap` using `terraform init`
-4) Uncomment out s3 backend provider:
-
-```
-  backend "s3" {
-    bucket         = "devops-directive-tf-state"
-    key            = "tf-infra/terraform.tfstate"
-    region         = "us-east-1"
-    dynamodb_table = "terraform-state-locking"
-    encrypt        = true
-  }
-```
-
-4) Reinitialize with `terraform init`:
-
-```
-Do you want to copy existing state to the new backend?
-  Pre-existing state was found while migrating the previous "local" backend to the
-  newly configured "s3" backend. No existing state was found in the newly
-  configured "s3" backend. Do you want to copy this state to the new "s3"
-  backend? Enter "yes" to copy and "no" to start with an empty state.
-
-  Enter a value: yes 
-```
-
-Now the S3 bucket and dynamoDB table are managed by Terraform and are able to be used as the state backend!

03-basics/aws-backend/bootstrap/main.tf

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-terraform {
-  # THIS BACKEND CONFIG GETS UNCOMMENTED IN IMPORT-BOOTSTRAP
-  # backend "s3" {
-  #   bucket         = "devops-directive-tf-state"
-  #   key            = "03-basics/import-bootstrap/terraform.tfstate"
-  #   region         = "us-east-1"
-  #   dynamodb_table = "terraform-state-locking"
-  #   encrypt        = true
-  # }
-
-  required_providers {
-    aws = {
-      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
-      version = "~> 3.0"
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-provider "aws" {
-  region = "us-east-1"
-}
-
-resource "aws_s3_bucket" "terraform_state" {
-  bucket        = "devops-directive-tf-state"
-  force_destroy = true
-  versioning {
-    enabled = true
-  }
-
-  server_side_encryption_configuration {
-    rule {
-      apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
-        sse_algorithm = "AES256"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "terraform_locks" {
-  name         = "terraform-state-locking"
-  billing_mode = "PAY_PER_REQUEST"
-  hash_key     = "LockID"
-  attribute {
-    name = "LockID"
-    type = "S"
-  }
-}

03-basics/aws-backend/import-bootstrap/main.tf

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-terraform {
-  ### UNCOMMENT THIS AFTER INITIALIZNG ###
-  # backend "s3" {
-  #   bucket         = "devops-directive-tf-state"
-  #   key            = "03-basics/import-bootstrap/terraform.tfstate"
-  #   region         = "us-east-1"
-  #   dynamodb_table = "terraform-state-locking"
-  #   encrypt        = true
-  # }
-
-  required_providers {
-    aws = {
-      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
-      version = "~> 3.0"
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-provider "aws" {
-  region = "us-east-1"
-}
-
-resource "aws_s3_bucket" "terraform_state" {
-  bucket        = "devops-directive-tf-state"
-  force_destroy = true
-  versioning {
-    enabled = true
-  }
-
-  server_side_encryption_configuration {
-    rule {
-      apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
-        sse_algorithm = "AES256"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "terraform_locks" {
-  name         = "terraform-state-locking"
-  billing_mode = "PAY_PER_REQUEST"
-  hash_key     = "LockID"
-  attribute {
-    name = "LockID"
-    type = "S"
-  }
-}

03-basics/aws-backend/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+terraform {
+  #############################################################
+  ## AFTER RUNNING TERRAFORM APPLY (WITH LOCAL BACKEND)
+  ## YOU WILL UNCOMMENT THIS CODE THEN RERUN TERRAFORM INIT
+  ## TO SWITCH FROM LOCAL BACKEND TO REMOTE AWS BACKEND
+  #############################################################
+  # backend "s3" {
+  #   bucket         = "devops-directive-tf-state" # REPLACE WITH YOUR BUCKET NAME
+  #   key            = "03-basics/import-bootstrap/terraform.tfstate"
+  #   region         = "us-east-1"
+  #   dynamodb_table = "terraform-state-locking"
+  #   encrypt        = true
+  # }
+
+  required_providers {
+    aws = {
+      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
+      version = "~> 3.0"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+provider "aws" {
+  region = "us-east-1"
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket" "terraform_state" {
+  bucket        = "devops-directive-tf-state" # REPLACE WITH YOUR BUCKET NAME
+  force_destroy = true
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_versioning" "terraform_bucket_versioning" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.terraform_state.id
+  versioning_configuration {
+    status = "Enabled"
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_server_side_encryption_configuration" "terraform_state_crypto_conf" {
+  bucket        = aws_s3_bucket.terraform_state.bucket 
+  rule {
+    apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
+      sse_algorithm = "AES256"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "terraform_locks" {
+  name         = "terraform-state-locking"
+  billing_mode = "PAY_PER_REQUEST"
+  hash_key     = "LockID"
+  attribute {
+    name = "LockID"
+    type = "S"
+  }
+}

03-basics/terraform-cloud-backend/README.md

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-## Terraform Cloud Account Setup
-1) Create account at terraform.io
-2) Use terraform login
-3) Set any necessary credentials for whichever cloud services you are using because with terraform cloud backend, the plan/apply are actually run remotely.
-```
-# AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
-# AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
-```

03-basics/web-app/main.tf

@@ -44,17 +44,22 @@ resource "aws_instance" "instance_2" {
 }
 
 resource "aws_s3_bucket" "bucket" {
-  bucket        = "devops-directive-web-app-data"
+  bucket_prefix = "devops-directive-web-app-data"
   force_destroy = true
-  versioning {
-    enabled = true
-  }
+}
 
-  server_side_encryption_configuration {
-    rule {
-      apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
-        sse_algorithm = "AES256"
-      }
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_versioning" "bucket_versioning" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.id
+  versioning_configuration {
+    status = "Enabled"
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_server_side_encryption_configuration" "bucket_crypto_conf" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.bucket
+  rule {
+    apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
+      sse_algorithm = "AES256"
     }
   }
 }
@@ -182,12 +187,12 @@ resource "aws_lb" "load_balancer" {
 }
 
 resource "aws_route53_zone" "primary" {
-  name = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
+  name = "devopsdeployed.com"
 }
 
 resource "aws_route53_record" "root" {
   zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
+  name    = "devopsdeployed.com"
   type    = "A"
 
   alias {
@@ -198,13 +203,18 @@ resource "aws_route53_record" "root" {
 }
 
 resource "aws_db_instance" "db_instance" {
-  allocated_storage   = 20
-  storage_type        = "standard"
-  engine              = "postgres"
-  engine_version      = "12.5"
-  instance_class      = "db.t2.micro"
-  name                = "mydb"
-  username            = "foo"
-  password            = "foobarbaz"
-  skip_final_snapshot = true
+  allocated_storage = 20
+  # This allows any minor version within the major engine_version
+  # defined below, but will also result in allowing AWS to auto
+  # upgrade the minor version of your DB. This may be too risky
+  # in a real production environment.
+  auto_minor_version_upgrade = true
+  storage_type               = "standard"
+  engine                     = "postgres"
+  engine_version             = "12"
+  instance_class             = "db.t2.micro"
+  name                       = "mydb"
+  username                   = "foo"
+  password                   = "foobarbaz"
+  skip_final_snapshot        = true
 }

04-variables-and-outputs/examples/main.tf

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ resource "aws_db_instance" "db_instance" {
   allocated_storage   = 20
   storage_type        = "gp2"
   engine              = "postgres"
-  engine_version      = "12.4"
+  engine_version      = "12"
   instance_class      = "db.t2.micro"
   name                = "mydb"
   username            = var.db_user

04-variables-and-outputs/web-app/main.tf

@@ -45,17 +45,22 @@ resource "aws_instance" "instance_2" {
 }
 
 resource "aws_s3_bucket" "bucket" {
-  bucket        = var.bucket_name
+  bucket_prefix = var.bucket_prefix
   force_destroy = true
-  versioning {
-    enabled = true
-  }
+}
 
-  server_side_encryption_configuration {
-    rule {
-      apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
-        sse_algorithm = "AES256"
-      }
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_versioning" "bucket_versioning" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.id
+  versioning_configuration {
+    status = "Enabled"
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_server_side_encryption_configuration" "bucket_crypto_conf" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.bucket
+  rule {
+    apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
+      sse_algorithm = "AES256"
     }
   }
 }
@@ -202,7 +207,7 @@ resource "aws_db_instance" "db_instance" {
   allocated_storage   = 20
   storage_type        = "standard"
   engine              = "postgres"
-  engine_version      = "12.5"
+  engine_version      = "12"
   instance_class      = "db.t2.micro"
   name                = var.db_name
   username            = var.db_user

04-variables-and-outputs/web-app/terraform.tfvars

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-bucket_name = "devops-directive-web-app-data"
-domain      = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
-db_name     = "mydb"
-db_user     = "foo"
-# db_pass = "foobarbaz"
+bucket_prefix = "devops-directive-web-app-data"
+domain        = "devopsdeployed.com"
+db_name       = "mydb"
+db_user       = "foo"
+# db_pass = "foobarbaz"

04-variables-and-outputs/web-app/variables.tf

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ variable "instance_type" {
 
 # S3 Variables
 
-variable "bucket_name" {
-  description = "name of s3 bucket for app data"
+variable "bucket_prefix" {
+  description = "prefix of s3 bucket for app data"
   type        = string
 }
 

06-organization-and-modules/web-app-module/database.tf

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ resource "aws_db_instance" "db_instance" {
   allocated_storage   = 20
   storage_type        = "standard"
   engine              = "postgres"
-  engine_version      = "12.5"
+  engine_version      = "12"
   instance_class      = "db.t2.micro"
   name                = var.db_name
   username            = var.db_user

06-organization-and-modules/web-app-module/storage.tf

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 resource "aws_s3_bucket" "bucket" {
-  bucket        = var.bucket_name
+  bucket_prefix = var.bucket_prefix
   force_destroy = true
-  versioning {
-    enabled = true
-  }
+}
 
-  server_side_encryption_configuration {
-    rule {
-      apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
-        sse_algorithm = "AES256"
-      }
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_versioning" "bucket_versioning" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.id
+  versioning_configuration {
+    status = "Enabled"
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_server_side_encryption_configuration" "bucket_crypto_conf" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.bucket
+  rule {
+    apply_server_side_encryption_by_default {
+      sse_algorithm = "AES256"
     }
   }
 }

06-organization-and-modules/web-app-module/variables.tf

@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ variable "instance_type" {
 
 # S3 Variables
 
-variable "bucket_name" {
-  description = "name of s3 bucket for app data"
+variable "bucket_prefix" {
+  description = "prefix of s3 bucket for app data"
   type        = string
 }
 

06-organization-and-modules/web-app/main.tf

@@ -21,8 +21,14 @@ provider "aws" {
   region = "us-east-1"
 }
 
-variable "db_pass" {
-  description = "password for database"
+variable "db_pass_1" {
+  description = "password for database #1"
+  type        = string
+  sensitive   = true
+}
+
+variable "db_pass_2" {
+  description = "password for database #2"
   type        = string
   sensitive   = true
 }
@@ -31,28 +37,28 @@ module "web_app_1" {
   source = "../web-app-module"
 
   # Input Variables
-  bucket_name      = "web-app-1-devops-directive-web-app-data"
-  domain           = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
+  bucket_prefix    = "web-app-1-data"
+  domain           = "devopsdeployed.com"
   app_name         = "web-app-1"
   environment_name = "production"
-  instance_type    = "t2.small"
+  instance_type    = "t2.micro"
   create_dns_zone  = true
   db_name          = "webapp1db"
   db_user          = "foo"
-  db_pass          = var.db_pass
+  db_pass          = var.db_pass_1
 }
 
 module "web_app_2" {
   source = "../web-app-module"
 
   # Input Variables
-  bucket_name      = "web-app-2-devops-directive-web-app-data"
-  domain           = "myothersuperawesomesite.com"
+  bucket_prefix    = "web-app-2-data"
+  domain           = "anotherdevopsdeployed.com"
   app_name         = "web-app-2"
   environment_name = "production"
-  instance_type    = "t2.small"
+  instance_type    = "t2.micro"
   create_dns_zone  = true
   db_name          = "webapp2db"
-  db_user          = "foo"
-  db_pass          = var.db_pass
+  db_user          = "bar"
+  db_pass          = var.db_pass_2
 }

07-managing-multiple-environments/file-structure/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-- Note about using separate AWS projects (avoids prefix issues, improved IAM control)
+- Note about using separate AWS accounts (avoids prefix issues, improved IAM control)
   - Cover this in advanced section?
   
 ```

07-managing-multiple-environments/file-structure/global/main.tf

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ provider "aws" {
 
 # Route53 zone is shared across staging and production
 resource "aws_route53_zone" "primary" {
-  name  = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
-}
+  name = "devopsdeployed.com"
+}

07-managing-multiple-environments/file-structure/production/main.tf

@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ module "web_app" {
   source = "../../../06-organization-and-modules/web-app-module"
 
   # Input Variables
-  bucket_name      = "devops-directive-web-app-data-${local.environment_name}"
-  domain           = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
+  bucket_prefix    = "web-app-data-${local.environment_name}"
+  domain           = "devopsdeployed.com"
   environment_name = local.environment_name
-  instance_type    = "t2.small"
+  instance_type    = "t2.micro"
   create_dns_zone  = false
   db_name          = "${local.environment_name}mydb"
   db_user          = "foo"

07-managing-multiple-environments/file-structure/staging/main.tf

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ module "web_app" {
   source = "../../../06-organization-and-modules/web-app-module"
 
   # Input Variables
-  bucket_name      = "devops-directive-web-app-data-${local.environment_name}"
-  domain           = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
+  bucket_prefix    = "web-app-data-${local.environment_name}"
+  domain           = "devopsdeployed.com"
   environment_name = local.environment_name
   instance_type    = "t2.micro"
   create_dns_zone  = false

07-managing-multiple-environments/workspaces/main.tf

@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ locals {
 }
 
 module "web_app" {
-  source = "../../05-organization-and-modules/web-app-module"
+  source = "../../06-organization-and-modules/web-app-module"
 
   # Input Variables
-  bucket_name      = "devops-directive-web-app-data-${local.environment_name}"
-  domain           = "mysuperawesomesite.com"
+  bucket_prefix    = "web-app-data-${local.environment_name}"
+  domain           = "devopsdeployed.com"
   environment_name = local.environment_name
-  instance_type    = "t2.small"
+  instance_type    = "t2.micro"
   create_dns_zone  = terraform.workspace == "production" ? true : false
   db_name          = "${local.environment_name}mydb"
   db_user          = "foo"

08-testing/tests/terratest/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+How to run this test?
+
+download dependencies, then run the tests...
+```
+go mod download
+go test -v --timeout 10m
+```

08-testing/tests/terratest/hello_world_test.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func TestTerraformHelloWorldExample(t *testing.T) {
 	instanceURL := terraform.Output(t, terraformOptions, "url")
 	tlsConfig := tls.Config{}
 	maxRetries := 30
-	timeBetweenRetries := 5 * time.Second
+	timeBetweenRetries := 10 * time.Second
 
 	http_helper.HttpGetWithRetryWithCustomValidation(
 		t, instanceURL, &tlsConfig, maxRetries, timeBetweenRetries, validate,

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# DevOps Directive Terraform Course
+
+This is the companion repo to: [Complete Terraform Course - From BEGINNER to PRO! (Learn Infrastructure as Code)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xngnjfIlK4)
+
+[![thumbnail](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1320389/154354937-98533608-2f42-44c1-8110-87f7e3f45085.jpeg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xngnjfIlK4)
+
+## 01 - Evolution of Cloud + Infrastructure as Code
+
+High level overview of the evolution of cloud computing and infrastructure as code.
+
+This module does not have any corresponding code.
+
+## 02 - Overview + Setup
+
+Terraform overview and setup instructions.
+
+Includes basic `hello world` terraform config to provision a single AWS EC2 instance.
+
+## 03 - Basics
+
+Covers main usage pattern, setting up remote backends (where the terraform state is stored) using terraform Cloud and AWS, and provides a naive implementation of a web application architecture.
+
+## 04 - Variables and Outputs
+
+Introduces the concepts of variables which enable Terraform configurations to be flexible and composable. Refactors web application to use these features.
+
+## 05 - Language Features
+
+Describes additional features of the Hashicorp Configuration Language (HCL).
+
+## 06 - Organization and Modules
+
+Demonstrates how to structure terraform code into reuseable modules and how to instantiate/configure modules.
+
+## 07 - Managing Multiple Environments
+
+Shows two methods for managing multiple environments (e.g. dev/staging/prodution) with Terraform.
+
+## 08 - Testing
+
+Explains different types of testing (manual + automated) for Terraform modules and configurations.
+
+## 09 - Developer Workflows + CI/CD
+
+Covers how teams can work together with Terraform and how to set up CI/CD pipelines to keep infrastructure environments up to date.